oleh admin | Mar 28, 2025 | catholicism, churches, culture, religion, roman catholic church
MORRIS, Indiana—Laboratory tests revealed no extraordinary findings regarding the red markings discovered on a Communion wafer at a Catholic church in Indiana.
The finding at St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church in Morris was significant enough to warrant an official examination, according to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis.
However, a biochemistry analysis showed merely “fungi and three distinct bacterial species, all typically present on human hands,” the archdiocese stated on Monday, also mentioning that no traces of blood were detected.
According to Catholic beliefs, wine and a small piece of bread represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Usually, these elements are sanctified by a priest during the Eucharist ceremony.
The bun, marked with red spots, had tumbled out of a Missal set at St. Anthony Church.
“The Catholic Church has numerous well-recorded miracles and appearances throughout its history, and every one of these has undergone rigorous and meticulous examination,” the archdiocese stated.
Small-town excitement
Prior to the examination, several members of St. Anthony Church were enthusiastic about potential discoveries.
“We have this tiny town where you could be driving through and might miss it just by blinking,” said Shari Strassell, a church member, to WKRC-TV.
It holds immense value, it truly does, and I believe there’s something extraordinary about our church up here.
oleh admin | Mar 23, 2025 | catholicism, local news, news, politics, religion
PURBALINGGA, Lifehack My ID
– Jemaat Gereja Katolik Paroki Santo Agustinus di Purbalingga, Jawa Tengah, telah mengambil keputusan untuk mencabut perayaan ekaristi pada hari Sabtu (22/3/2025) petang.
Pengambilan keputusan tersebut dilakukan sesudah mendapatkan surat yang dikirim oleh Sekretaris Daerah Kabupaten Purbalingga ber-number 400.8/4664.
Surat itu mengharuskan tiga gereja yang berada di jalur Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Purbalingga untuk menyelaraskan waktu penyelenggaraan ibadahnya denganhari yang sama.
Tutupnya jalan itu dijalankan guna menopang gelaran MURI yang bertujuan memecahkan rekor dunia pada peristiwa bukber berisi tempe mendoan dengan partisipasi sebanyak 14.460 individu.
Pastor Gereja Katolik Santo Agustinus di Purbalingga, FX Handy Kristian Adi Putra, mengatakan bahwa karena akses tunggal ke gereja telah tertutup, akhirnya setelah berdiskusi dengan dewan jemaat, mereka memilih untuk tidak melanjutkan perayaan ekaristi pada hari Sabtu sore. Hal ini disampaikan saat wawancara dengan Lifehack My ID, Rabu (19/3/2025).
Romo Handy menyebutkan bahwa gereja tidak bisa memodifikasi jadwal misa ekaristi di hari Sabtu petang dikarenakan berbagai alasan tertentu.
“Apabila diselenggarakan lebih dini, masih banyak umat yang belum menyelesaikan aktivitas harian mereka. Sedangkan jika diadakan terlalu sore, hal itu menjadi mustahil untuk orang tua,” ungkapnya.
Ekaristi di Gereja Santo Agustinus Purbalingga minggu ini akan digelar sekali saja, yakni pada hari Minggu (23/3/2025) jam 07.00 Waktu Indonesia Bagian Barat (WIB).
“Saya memiliki ekspektasi tinggi terhadap kepemimpinan yang baru ini; rata-ratanya perlu bertambah lebih baik dan matang lagi. Untuk kita semua, menciptakan harmoni merupakan tujuan mulia. Pihak berwenang seharusnya menjunjung tinggi kesejahteraan publik sepenuhnya tanpa memandang latar belakang siapa saja,” tegasnya.
Pada saat yang sama, kabupaten Purbalingga sukses masuk ke dalam Museum Rekor Dunia Indonesia (Muri) berkat penyelenggaraan sahur bersama dengan jumlah tempe mendoan terbesar, di mana acara ini menampung partisipasi dari 14.460 orang.
Acara bernama Big Iftar 2025 diselenggarakan di sekitar Alun-alun sampai ke jalan Jenderal Sudirman Purbalingga pada hari Sabtu (22/3/2025).
Pada acara itu, ribuan partisipan jongkok mengelilingi area seluas satu kilometer guna menikmati hidangan tradisional berupa tempe mendoan secara bersama-sama.
Di samping itu, panitia telah menyediakan nasi tumpeng yang terletak di atas tampah anyaman bambu, disertai pula dengan berbagai lauk dan sayuran pendampingnya.
Bupati Purbalingga, Fahmi Muhammad Hanif, menyatakan bahwa keberhasilan acara Big Iftar 2025 tak lepas dari bantuan dan dukungan banyak pihak seperti Kodim 0702 Purbalingga, pemkab setempat, dan juga para penyokongnya.
“Acara ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui kerja sama bersama, kita dapat membuat sejarah baru. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada warga Purbalingga yang sangat bersemangat dalam mensupport Big Iftar 2025. Mudah-mudahan kegiatan ini akan memperkuat ikatan persaudaraan kami,” katanya.
Acara Big Iftar 2025 diakhiri dengan salat Maghrib berjemaah serta doa bersama, dengan tujuan supaya Purbalingga terus dipandang sebagai kota yang memiliki warisan budaya yangkaya dan mengedepankan semangat persaudaraan.
oleh admin | Nov 3, 2024 | architecture, catholic churches, catholicism, monuments, roman catholic church
Witnessing centuries of history, these iconic structures showcase elements from Gothic, Romanesque, or Baroque architectural styles through their tall spires, intricate sculptures, and vibrantly colored stained-glass windows. Whether it’s St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome or the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, explore some must-see basilicas across Europe!
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, the core of Christian faith
This basilica in the
Vatican
Built above what is believed to be the site of Saint Peter’s tomb, this monument stands as one of the most significant structures in Christian tradition. Construction started in the 16th century.
th
In this century, the basilica stands as a testament to numerous Renaissance artists who contributed their talents, with Michelangelo being one among them for designing the dome. Its vast interior houses an abundance of artworks, including Michelangelo’s renowned piece.
Pietà
Carved from one solid piece of marble, this work stands as testament to skillful craftsmanship. Above the main altar, Bernini’s grandiose pulpit offers yet another artistic marvel for visitors to admire. Ascend to the top of the dome for an unparalleled view across the cityscape of Rome.
The St Mark’s Basilica in Venice, a stunning example of Byzantine architecture.
Built in the 9
th
For over a century to accommodate the relics of Saint Mark, this grandiose basilica stands as one of the prominent emblems of Venice, often referred to as the Serenissima. Located on Piazza San Marco, the facade of the basilica showcases the bronze horses that were transported from Constantinople during the 13th century.
th
The building is adorned with numerous sculptures and decorative elements. Within, the atrium and domes feature intricate mosaics illustrating stories from the Old Testament as well as the Pala d’Oro, an opulent golden altar encrusted with gemstones. This fusion creates a cohesive mix of Byzantine, Gothic, and Romanesque architectural styles, offering a window into the enduring artistic grandeur of Venice through the ages.
The
B
Basilica of Saint-Denis, Necropolis of French Kings
In northern Paris lies the city of Saint-Denis, home to what many consider one of the earliest examples of a Gothic church: the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Completed around 1135, this structure now stands as an important mausoleum for French monarchs throughout history. It contains effigies and tombs belonging to various rulers such as Clovis, Saint Louis, and Francis I. Not only does it hold historical significance through these figures, but also architecturally; featuring expansive stained-glass windows and some of the first ribbed vaults constructed in Europe.
The Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza, a sanctuary offering a view over the city.
In the Aragonese city of Zaragoza in Spain, the imposing Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar stands tall over the River Ebro, facing the Stone Bridge which dates back to 1440. Construction of this basilica began in the 17th century.
th
In a typically opulent Baroque manner, this century-old basilica rises above one of the most ancient Marian sanctuaries globally—a place where legend has it that the Virgin Mary manifested herself in the year 40 AD… specifically on top of a column, hence the church’s designation. Besides the revered column, the interior dazzles with intricate adornments, including numerous frescoes crafted by Francisco de Goya and Francisco Bayeu.
The Church of St. George, a stunning example of Romanesque architecture nestled within Prague Castle, stands as a remarkable jewel.
Situated within the grounds of Prague Castle, St George’s Basilica stands as one of the city’s most ancient religious structures, established in the 10th century.
th
Century. Hidden behind its crimson color 17
th
The basilica boasts a 17th-century Baroque facade, with well-preserved Romanesque architecture from centuries ago resting atop grand vaults and pillars. Within its walls, you can find medieval frescoes and chapels that narrate Prague’s rich millennial past. Additionally, the location enshrines the remains of Saint Ludmila, who is revered as the patroness of Bohemia.
The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, an important pilgrim destination in Italy
Nestled among the hills of Umbria in central Italy, the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi has served as an important site for Franciscan pilgrims since the 13th century.
th
This site, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage location, comprises two churches carved into the rocky hillside of Mount Subiaso. One church features Gothic design, while the other draws inspiration from Lombard Romanesque style. The interior walls are adorned with frescoes by artists such as Giotto and Cimabue, which narrate significant moments from St. Francis of Assisi’s life—from his spiritual transformation to his miraculous deeds.
The Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, a structure enduring through the ages
Founded in the 5
th
This basilica, dating back to the century, stands as one of Rome’s four principal churches. Adorned with an impressive array of historical mosaics inside, many pieces trace their origins to the fifth century.
th
In the century following this period, a gilded ceiling was created using the initial consignment of gold retrieved from the Americas—a present from Spanish monarchs to the Pope in 1494. Additionally, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore is renowned for housing a reliquary that holds a piece of what is believed to be part of Jesus’ manger, as well as boasting the tallest campanile within Rome’s city limits.
The Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Lourdes, which serves as a place for pilgrimages,
In the French Pyrenees lies the Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, a significant Catholic pilgrimage site globally, attracting nearly three million visitors annually. Constructed in 1871 using neo-Gothic architecture, this basilica overlooks the Grotto at Massabielle, believed to be the place where the Virgin Mary supposedly manifested herself to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. The interior features mosaics illustrating the Mysteries of the Rosary, alongside stained-glass windows narrating the tale of the Marian visions that gave rise to the legends surrounding the location.
The Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, which remains an unfinished masterpiece by Gaudi, continues to captivate visitors.
Since 1882, the Sagrada Família basilica has been under construction as an architectural and artistic masterpiece conceived by Antoni Gaudi, who was a leading figure in Catalan modernism renowned for incorporating plant-like forms into his designs.
trencadis
The mosaic work here features fragments of ceramics. This monument boasts an elegant lacy outline crafted from carved stone, captivating viewers with both its grand size and innovative design. Within, you’ll find interiors adorned with colored stained-glass windows and flowing organic shapes, where sculpted pillars mimic tree trunks and “branches” replace conventional buttresses. Upon completion, the atoning church dedicated to the Holy Family will stand as the world’s tallest basilica.
The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence, a testament to Florentine artistic prowess.
Founded in the 13
th
century within the historical center of Florence, the
Basilica of Santa Croce
serves as an admirable counterpart to the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the
famous Florentine Duomo
This structure, constructed concurrently with others from the era, features an impressive exterior clad in white and green marbles. Inside, you can find the burial sites of notable figures such as Michelangelo, Galileo, and Machiavelli. The interior also boasts ornate chapels adorned by Giotto and stunning frescoes illustrating the life of Saint Francis. These elements make this basilica a prime showcase of Tuscany’s rich Renaissance artistry.
The Euphrasian Basilica of Poreč, an early Christian place of worship overlooking the Adriatic Sea, remains a significant landmark.
Built in the 6
th
century in Poreč, along the Istrian coastline
Croatia
When visiting the Euphrasian Basilica, which stands as one of the earliest instances of Early Christian architecture in Europe, your attention will be drawn immediately to the stunning gold-leaf mosaics covering the arch above the altar. These intricate artworks portray the Virgin Mary with her child Jesus flanked by saints, showcasing the profound impact of Byzantine artistic styles on religious creations during that period. Additionally, the site encompasses several structures such as a baptistry, an Episcopal residence, and a monastery garden. Each component reflects different cultural and historical currents that shaped regional life from the advent of Christianity through the Byzantine epoch.
The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna stands as an extraordinary example of Byzantine artistry in Italy.
In Ravenna,
Italy
, the Basilica of San Vitale stands as a remarkable example of Byzantine artistic achievement. Constructed during the 6th century,
th
A millennium and a half since the initial cornerstone was laid, this site remains an essential visit for those with an interest in art history. Adorned from floor to ceiling with frescoes, the basilica also boasts some of the most exquisite early Byzantine mosaics globally, featuring portraits of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Its distinctive octagonal design coupled with intricately veined marble pillars enhances the uniqueness of this monument recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Basilica of Sacré-Coeur in Paris, located atop Montmartre
Standing above the Parisian skyline at the top of the
Montmartre
On Montmartre hill, the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur stands out with its distinctive Romanesque-Byzantine architectural style, which is quite rare in Paris. Constructed between 1875 and 1914, this landmark features pristine white domes and graceful archways that set it apart from the predominantly Gothic-style churches throughout the rest of the city. The interior showcases an impressive mosaic covering the apse area, while visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Paris from within the main dome’s vantage point.
St. Mary’s Basilica in Krakow, a masterpiece of Polish Gothic architecture.
At Market Square, precisely within the historical center of the city,
Krakow
, St. Mary’s Basilica instantly grabs attention due to its uneven spires. Constructed in the 14th century,
th
In this century, it stands as one of the most remarkable instances of Gothic architecture in Poland, featuring a wooden altarpiece crafted by Veit Stoss and vibrantly colored vaults. Each hour, the Hejnał melody echoes from the tower, abruptly ceasing as a poignant homage to a guardian who was killed on the spot during the medieval period.
The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière in Lyon, perched above the city on the hillsides, oversees the urban landscape.
Since its building in the 19
th
In this century, the basilica situated atop the Vieux-Lyon district on Fourvière Hill has showcased a blend of neo-Gothic and Byzantine architectural styles. The interior boasts an abundance of mosaics, stained glass windows, and gilded decorations, along with a wide array of valuable materials such as marble, gold leaf, stone, wood, glass, and enamel, highlighting the craftsmanship of Lyon’s artists. Constructed in gratitude to the Virgin Mary for protecting the city from the destruction caused by the Franco-Prussian War, the site provides a stunning panorama of what was once known as the capital of Gaul and its environs.
oleh admin | Jul 18, 2024 | architecture, catholicism, culture, monuments, roman catholic church
Constructed between the 12th and 14th centuries, Notre-Dame de Paris has centuries of French
history
built into its stone. The Gothic cathedral reflects the prominent role of Paris as an economic and spiritual center in the 12th century, and its scars from the French Revolution are reminders of its long connection with the monarchy—a connection that almost resulted in its demolition. Thousands of tourists entered its doors each day to photograph its rose windows and flying buttresses.
On April 15, 2019, a catastrophic blaze erupted within the structure. The stonework suffered extensive damage, along with its timber rafters, iron pinnacle, and various parts being obliterated. Numerous firefighters endeavored to extinguish the inferno. As soon as the ashes began cooling down, President Emmanuel Macron pledged that reconstruction efforts would commence, emphasizing his commitment.
more beautifully
, in five years.
Now that the refurbishment of the building is almost finished,
reopening day
scheduled for December 2024, and tourists gathering in Paris for the
Summer Olympics
, let’s dive into 13 lesser-known facts about Notre-Dame de Paris.
A heathen city exists beneath the cathedral.
The Île-de-la-Cité where Notre-Dame de Paris currently stands used to be a Gallo-Roman settlement called Lutetia. It’s possible that the cathedral was constructed directly above remnants of an old temple; around 1710, parts of a carved altar devoted to Jupiter and various gods were unearthed during excavations beneath the choir area (though it hasn’t been definitively established whether these artifacts indicate an ancient temple site or if they had simply been relocated there earlier). In the 1960s and ’70s, additional structural relics from this early period were uncovered, with many items tracing their origins back to those times.
archaeological crypt
situated below the square directly in front of Notre-Dame.
The facade of Notre-Dame includes some elements made from reused architectural pieces.
On the west facade of Notre-Dame, there are three portals adorned with sculptures of saints and religious narratives. However, one portal stands out: The Portal Sainte-Anne displays an older artistic style than the others. This is evident in how rigidly posed the characters like the central Virgin and Child appear when contrasted with the more lifelike qualities seen elsewhere. This difference arises because the tympanum above this entrance, which includes these depictions, comes from a former Romanesque church.
close examination
In 1969, it was disclosed that it was initially not designed for this space and had been modified to suit the Gothic architecture.
Notre-Dame had a “forest” within its roof.
Prior to the fire, the cathedral housed one of the earliest remaining structures.
wood-timber frames
In Paris, approximately 52 acres of trees that were felled in the 12th century contributed to crafting each beam using timber from single trees. Because of this, the intricate network of historical wooden structures earned the moniker “the forest.”
Their flying buttresses set the Gothic trends.
The cathedral was
one of the earliest
structures built with exterior flying buttresses. They were constructed around its nave in the 12th century to lend support to the thin walls, after the need for more light in the incredibly tall church
required
Larger windows, hence more substantial supports. The visible flying buttresses turned into a distinctive feature of Gothic architecture, and even though there is
some debate
over whether Notre-Dame was the first church to have them, they certainly set the trend in sacred
architecture
.
Twenty-eight of its monarchs had their heads severed during the French Revolution.
In 1793, amidst the
French Revolution
, 28 statues depicting biblical kings in the cathedral were toppled using ropes and had their heads severed by a group of people.
Louis XVI
was
guillotined
Earlier that same year, all symbols related to the monarchy faced scrutiny. The damaged stones were ultimately discarded into a rubbish pile; the interior minister then addressed this issue.
ordering
The material can be reused for construction purposes. Not until 1977 did the leaders of 21 of these kingdoms have their heads
rediscovered
While working in the basement of the French Bank of Foreign Trade, they have now moved to a nearby location.
Musée de Cluny
.
The towers are not identical siblings.
Initially, it might seem that Notre-Dame’s twin towers are exactly alike. However, upon closer inspection, one can see that the north tower is actually different from the south.
a bit bigger
Than those in the southern part. Similar to all components of the cathedral, these structures were constructed gradually over time. This demonstrates that the cathedral serves as a mosaic of various architectural styles and leadership influences rather than being the result of a single individual’s design.
Its bells were once melted down for artillery.
The monarchs were not the sole components of Notre-Dame damaged during the French Revolution. Similar to numerous churches across France, this cathedral underwent significant changes at the close of the 18th century when it shifted from being a religious site dedicated to Christianity towards becoming an altar for the newly established Cult of Reason. Of its twenty total bells—one exception being the massive one cast in 1681—not many survived intact through these tumultuous times.
bourdon
called
Emmanuel
—were removed and
melted down
to make cannons.
Although the bells at Notre-Dame were
replaced
In the 1800s, the newly crafted instruments did not match the quality of their predecessors and produced a harsher sound when ringing. Ultimately, in 2013, a fresh set of bells was introduced for an ensemble.
restored
The cathedral echoes its 17th-century ambiance, where the richly resonating Emmanuel bell still joins in the peal during special occasions.
Napoleon and Victor Hugo helped prevent Notre-Dame from falling into ruins.
When
Napoleon Bonaparte
opted for his 1804 imperial crowning at Notre-Dame, but the structure was in poor condition. Over centuries, neglect as the city grew and evolved around it, coupled with the destruction during the French Revolution, had pushed it close to ruin. It had functionally become nothing more than a storage space over many years. Thus, when Napoleon announced its restoration for religious purposes and held his elaborate ceremony inside—where he notably placed the crown upon his own head—it reignited interest and importance in Notre-Dame.
Despite this, the coronation did not address its structural decay. In his 1831 novel, author Victor Hugo employed the edifice as a symbol of France.
Notre-Dame de Paris
. The title of the book is commonly rendered as
The Cathedral’s Quasimodo
, however, the bell-ringer Quasimodo is not the protagonist; the main character is actually Notre-Dame Cathedral itself.) Hugo masterfully depicted its dilapidated condition in 19th-century France:
But despite maintaining its nobility as it aged, one can’t help but lament and feel outraged by the countless desecrations and alterations imposed upon the ancient structure—both by the passage of time and the actions of people who were indifferent to its dignity.
Charlemagne
, who placed the initial stone, and Philip Augustus, who set the final one. This venerable matriarch among our cathedrals bears countless scars alongside every line etched upon her visage. ‘Tempus edax, homo edacior,’ which might be rendered as: ‘Time is oblivious, yet humanity is even more heedless.’”
The book was successful, and it gained traction as a result.
led
as part of a significant renovation led by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
The creatures are contemporary, not medieval.
Several well-known depictions of Notre-Dame include views from inside the cathedral.
gargoyles
Or chimera (the sculpted beasts that do not function as waterspouts). Many who visit might not realize that the fantastical beings currently adorning the cathedral did not appear until the 19th century; they were added then.
added
Between 1843 and 1864, under the guidance of Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc during the Radical Restoration period.
Hugo had described gargoyles extensively in
Notre-Dame de Paris
, and Viollet-le-Duc was reportedly inspired by this romantic vision of the past. A
daguerreotype
Prior to this renovation, the structure appeared much starker compared to what we see now, lacking the decorative beasts atop its towers as all medieval-era gargoyles had been removed earlier. Before the fire occurred, numerous 19th-century gargoyles were already deteriorating; they had been replaced with PVC piping after being taken down due to safety concerns.
The gargoyles were not the sole fantastical additions made by architect Viollet-le-Duc. In addition to placing the 12 apostles atop his newly constructed spire, he chose to depict himself with the visage of Saint Thomas among them.
Its tower acted as a holy magnet for thunderbolts.
Pictures taken of the cathedral prior to the fire reveal a rooster perched atop the steeple. This rooster wasn’t merely ornamental; in 1935, small relics—a purported fragment from Christ’s Crown of Thorns along with fragments believed to be parts of Saints Denis and Genevieve (patron saints of Paris)—were placed inside the metal fowl’s structure. Supposedly, this arrangement aimed to function as an almost mystical lightning conductor meant for safeguarding those attending services within.
It is believed to have the largest organ in France.
The organ of Notre-Dame includes nearly
8000 pipes
(including some from the 18th century) features five keyboards, which makes it the largest pipe organ in France (though some argue that Saint-Eustache houses an even bigger one). This instrument underwent restoration in 2013 for the 850th anniversary of the cathedral, and luckily, it escaped damage during the fire in 2019 with minimal impact.
water damage
From the firefighters’ hoses. The cleaning and decontamination process is ongoing.
Every path leads to Notre-Dame de Paris.
Often overshadowed by the throngs of tourists bustling about outside Notre-Dame lies a tiny round marker featuring an eight-pointed bronze star set into the paving stones. Inscribed on it are the words.
Starting point of France’s roads
, serving as the reference point for measuring distances from Paris to other cities within France. It was positioned there.
in 1924
, although it had to be temporarily dislodged in the 1960s during the excavations for what was intended to be an underground parking garage. Those construction plans were thwarted when workers turned up architectural ruins—now kept in the archaeological crypt.
Bees continue to inhabit its rooftop.
In 2013, a tiny beehive was placed next to the Notre-Dame sacristy, which is close to the cathedral itself. This particular hive housed Buckfast bees—a breed created by a monk called Brother Adam and recognized for their docile nature. These bees produce honey derived primarily from flowers located in surrounding gardens such as the Square Jean XXIII situated right at the rear of the cathedral.
given away
to the poor.
Miraculously
, the 180,000 bees made it through the catastrophic fire. Unwilling to leave their queens behind, they stayed within their hives and lived off their stored honey. One year following the blaze, these resilient insects resumed pollinating flowers.
producing
the sugary treats as always.
Explore More About Renowned Structures:
A variant of this tale was released in 2018; it has since been refreshed for 2024.
This article was initially published on SANGGRALOKA.
13 Interesting Points Regarding the Notre-Dame Cathedral
.
