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EXPLORE FURTHER: Researchers unveil visage of ‘entirely new’ human predecessor
Researchers have uncovered the earliest known human face in Western Europe, which could alter our understanding of human evolution.
The ancient human referred to as ‘Pink’ resided in
Spain
The Iberian Peninsula was inhabited between 1.1 and 1.4 million years ago.
This indicates that Pink significantly precedes the appearance of modern humans, Homo sapiens, who arrived on the continent approximately 45,000 years ago.
The fossilized remains differ significantly from other early hominin specimens discovered in the region, suggesting that Pink might represent an entirely new species of human.
The pieces of this ancient human-like face were found in 2022 within a cave named Sima del Elefante.
where many of Europe’s oldest human remains have been discovered.
Nevertheless, Pink seems to have a distinct architecture compared to Homo antecessor, another human species that inhabited the region as far back as 860,000 years ago.
Rather than resembling earlier humans, he looks more like Homo erectus, an even older human species that appeared in Africa about two million years ago and was the first to walk upright similar to contemporary humans.
Researchers think that Pink’s species might have been some of the earliest humans to reach Europe, only to be eradicated later due to a rapid change in climate.
Consisting of various fragmented pieces along with portions of two teeth, the skeletal findings at Sima del Elefante are thought to represent the earliest known instance of human facial bones discovered in Western Europe.
The scientists referred to the person as ‘Pink’, inspired by Pink Floyd’s album Dark Side of the Moon, known in Spanish as ‘La cara oculta de la luna,’ with ‘cara oculta’ translating to ‘hidden face.’
Upon discovering Pink’s remains, scientists originally believed that they might be attributed to another of the ancient human species uncovered in the region.
Inside the cave, scientists had earlier discovered remnants of Homo antecessor that date back 860,000 years.
By examining the numerous other animal fossils discovered in the same stratum of the cave along with evidence of periodic changes in Earth’s magnetic field imprinted in the soil, scientists determined that Pink’s remains date back to between 1.1 and 1.4 million years ago.
Moreover, upon meticulously piecing together the fragments of Pink’s remains, it was evident that his facial structure did not match any known ancient human species from the region.
Dr María Martinón, who leads the National Centre for Research on Human Evolution, explains: “While Homo antecessor has a more contemporary appearance with a pronounced nose bridge similar to Homo sapiens, Pink exhibits traits closer to those of Homo erectus—specifically a flatter and less developed nasal region.”
Homo erectus was the initial human species to adopt an upright stance and walk similar to contemporary humans, and they were also the first to employ stone implements for slicing purposes.
Once it emerged in Africa approximately two million years ago, this species spread to Asia and eventually reached Eastern Europe.
At a location in present-day Georgia, paleontologists have unearthed five craniums attributed to Homo erectus.
tracing back 1.8 million years
.
Nevertheless, the fossil record from Western Europe remains notably sparse until about 800,000 years ago.
Scientists have discovered just one tooth alongside some stone tools from approximately 1.4 million years ago in Spain, along with
a jawbone from Sima del Elefante dating back to approximately 1.1 million years ago.
Close to where Pink’s remains were found, scientists also uncovered stone implements crafted from quartz and flint, along with animal bones that showed distinct signs of cutting.
This suggests that Pink and their kinfolk had established a basic tool-making industry and were skilled at butchering animals for food, similar to what Homo erectus could do.
The study’s co-author, Dr Xosé Pedro Rodríguez from the University of Rovira i Virgili (URV), comments: “These findings indicate a successful approach for obtaining food and underscore the capability of these early humans to utilize the natural assets present in their surroundings.”
If Pink indeed belongs to the Homo erectus species, this discovery would indicate that this ancient human ancestor was much more widespread and existed earlier than what researchers previously believed.
Nevertheless, the researchers remain unconvinced that Pink merely belongs to this particular species of human ancestors.
Even though their skulls are alike, Pink’s face has a more slender structure compared to specimens of Homo erectus discovered throughout Asia and Africa.
However, based solely on bits of bones and two worn teeth, the scientists cannot yet confirm that Pink represents a completely new species.
Rather than doing so, they chose to label Pink as ‘Homo affinis erectus,’ employing the Latin word ‘affinis’ which signifies that this species shares an affiliation with recognized kinds.
Dr Martinón states: “There isn’t enough evidence yet for a conclusive categorisation, so we chose the term Homo affinis erectus.”
She notes that this step was taken to ‘recognize Pink’s connections with Homo erectus while still allowing for the chance that the remains could be from a different species.’
The research team contends that Pink’s species was among the initial group of humans to migrate into Western Europe.
However, that initial migration seems to have been abruptly halted as the climate of the Iberian Peninsula underwent a sudden change.
When Pink resided in Spain, the Sierra de Atapuerca area was characterized by a blend of forested zones, marshy meadows, and intermittent bodies of water — creating a bountiful habitat for early human inhabitants.
However,
earlier research indicates that there might have been a abrupt climate change approximately 1.1 million years ago.
any of which could have exterminated humanity.
This might be why there’s a significant gap in the fossil records between Pink and the subsequent Homo antecessor specimens.
Dr Eudald Carbonell, a paleontologist from URV and co-director of the project, states: “The evidence pointing towards distinct hominin populations in Western Europe throughout the Early Pleistocene indicates that this area played a crucial role in the evolutionary journey of the genus Homo.”
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